http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_safety
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Safety standards
Distinction must be drawn between regulations and voluntary safety standards. From the table below, it can be seen that many regions model their safety standards on the EU's EN 71 standard, either directly, or through adoption of the ISO 8124 standard which itself is modelled on EN 71.
Region
Standard(s) and Regulations
International ISO 8124-1:2000 Safety aspects relating to mechanical and physical properties
ISO 8124-2: 1994 Flammability
ISO 8124-3: 1997 Migration of certain elements
ISO 8098: 1989 Cycles – safety requirements for bicycles for young children
Argentina Instituto Argentino de Racionalization de Materials 3583:
Parte 1: 1986 Seguridad de los juguetes, marcado, rotulasdo y embalaje
Parte 2: 1988 Propiedades mecanicas y fisicas
Parte 3: 1988 Inflammabilidad
Parte 4: 1991 Requisitos toxicologicos
Parte 5: 1996 Juegos de experimentos quimicos y actividades relacionadas
Australia AS/NZS ISO 8124.1-2002 Safety of toys (safety requirements) Part 1: Mechanical and physical property requirements
AS/NZS ISO 8124 2-2003 Safety of toys (safety requirements) Part 2: Flammability requirements
AS/NZS ISO 8124.3-2003 Safety of toys (safety requirements) Part 3 Migration of certain elements requirements
AS 8124.4-2003 Safety of toys: (safety requirements) Part 4: Experimental sets for chemistry requirements
AS 8124.5-2003 Safety of toys (safety requirements) Part 5: Chemical requirements
AS 8124.7-2003
Safety of toys - finger paints - requirements and test methods
Brazil ABNT (Brazilian Association of Technical Standards)
NBR 11786/1998 - Toy Safety
Canada Technical Standards Safety Act and Upholstered and Stuffed Articles Regulation
Hazardous Products Act R.S. c. H-3
Hazardous Products (Toys) Regulations C.R.C., c. 931
Hazardous Products (Pacifiers) Regulations: "Knob-Like" Pacifiers Policy
Regulations Respecting the Advertising, Sale and Importation of Hazardous Products (Pacifiers) under Hazardous Products Act
A Guide to Safety Requirements for Toys
Toys: Age Classification Guidelines
China ISO 8124.1:2002 Safety of Toys - Safety aspects related to mechanical and physical properties
GB 9832-93 Safety and Quality of Sewn, Plush and Cloth Toys
GB 5296.5-96
Labeling and Instructions for Toys
European Union [6]
EN 71-1:2011 Safety of toys - Part 1: Mechanical and physical properties
EN 71-2:2011 Safety of toys - Part 2: Flammability
EN 71-3:2013 Safety of toys - Part 3: Migration of certain elements
EN 71-4:2013 Safety of toys - Part 4: Experimental sets for chemistry and related activities
EN 71-5:2013 Safety of toys - Part 5: Chemical toys (sets) other than experimental sets
EN 71-8:2011 Safety of toys - Part 8: Activity toys for domestic use
EN 71-12:2013 Safety of toys - Part 12: N-Nitrosamines and N-nitrosatable substances
EN 62115:2005 Safety of electric toys
Council Directive (88/378/EEC) Approximation of the laws of the member states concerning the safety of toys
Council Directive (2009/48/EC)on the Safety of Toys
Council Directive (87/357/EEC) Dangerous imitations directive
Council Directive (93/68/EEC) Rules for the affixing and use of the CE conformity marking
Hong Kong Toys and Children's Products Safety Regulation (in compliance with ASTM F963, ICTI or EN-71)
Jamaica JS 90:1983 Jamaican Standard Specification for Safety of toys and playthings
Japan Japan Toy Safety Standard, ST2012[7]
Part 1—Mechanical and Physical Properties (revised to align with ISO 8124-1) Part 2—Flammability (revised to align with ISO 8124-2) Part 3—Chemical Properties
Malaysia Safety of Toys
MS EN71 Part 1:1995 (P) Mechanical and Physical Properties
MS ISO 8124-2:1999 Flammability
MS EN71 Part 3: 1998 Migration of Certain Elements
MS EN71 Part 4:1998 Experimental Sets for Chemistry and Related Activities
MS EN71 Part 5: 1998
Chemical Toys (Sets) Other than Experimental Sets
Mexico NOM 015/10-SCFI/SSA-1994
Toy Safety and Commercial Information - Toy and School Material Safety. Limits on the Bioavailability of Metals used on Articles with Paints and Dyes. Chemical Specifications and Test Methods.
New Zealand AS/NZS ISO 8124.1:2002 Safety of Toys - Safety aspects related to mechanical and physical properties (ISO 8124.1:2000, MOD)
AS/NZS ISO 8124.2:2003 Safety of Toys - Flammability (ISO 8124.2: 1994, MOD)
AS/NZS ISO 8124.3:2003 Safety of toys - Migration of certain elements
Saudi Arabia SSA 765-1994 Playground Equipment Part I: General Safety Requirements
SSA 1063-1994
Toys and General Safety Requirements
SSA 1064-1995 Method of Testing Part 1: Mechanical and Chemical Tests
SSA 1065-1995 Method of Testing Toys Part 2: Flammability
SSA 1322-1997 Low Power Radio Frequency Devices
Singapore Safety of Toys:
SS 474 PT. 1:2000 Part 1: Mechanical and Physical Properties
SS 474 PT. 2: 2000 Part 2: Flammability
SS 474 PT. 3: 2000 Part 3: Migration of Certain Elements
SS 474 PT. 4: 2000 Part 4: Experimental Sets for Chemistry and Related Activities
SS 474 PT. 5: 2000 Part 5: Chemical Toys (sets) Other Than Experimental Sets
SS 474 PT. 6: 2000 Part 6: Graphical Symbol for Age Warning labelling
South Africa SABS ISO 8124-1:2000 Safety of Toys - Part 1: Safety Aspects Related to Mechanical and Physical Properties
SABS ISO 8124-2:1994 Flammability
SABS ISO 8124-3:1997
Migration of Certain Elements
Taiwan Central National Standard CNS 4797, 4798 Toy Safety Standard
Central National Standard CNS 12940 for Strollers and Carriages
Toy Goods Labeling Criteria
Thailand Thai Industrial Standard for Toys TIS 685-2540 Part 1: General Requirements (1997)
Compulsory Stnd.
Part 2: Packages and Labeling (1997)
Part 3: Methods of Test & Analysis(1997)
United States Mandatory Toy Safety Standard:
Code of Federal Regulations, Commercial Practices 16, Part 1000 to End (16CFR)
Title 15 -Commerce and Foreign Trade Chapter XI - Technology Administration, Department of Commerce Part 1150 - Marking of Toy, Look-alike and Imitation Firearms
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Engineering Test Manual for Rattles
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Engineering Test Manual for Pacifiers
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Labeling Requirements for Art Materials Presenting Chronic Hazards (LHAMA)
U.S. Child Safety Protection Act, Small Parts Hazard Warning Rule and Rules for Reporting Choking Incidents
Age Determination Guidelines: Relating Children's Ages to Toy Characteristics and Play Behavior (September 2002)
ASTM F963-07 Standard Consumer Safety Specification on Toy Safety (effective February 2009)[8]
ASTM F963-08 Standard Consumer Safety Specification on Toy Safety [8]
Voluntary Toy Safety Standard:
ASTM F963-07e1 Standard Consumer Safety Specification on Toy Safety
ASTM F734-84 (89/94) Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Toy Chests
ASTM F1148-97a Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Home Playground Equipment
ASTM F1313-90 Standard Specification for Volatile N-Nitrosamine Levels in Rubber Nipples on Pacifiers
ANSI Z315.1-1996 American National Standard for Tricycles - Safety Requirements
ANSI/UL 696, Ninth Edition Standard for Safety Electric Toys
(Source: ICTI Toy Safety Standards)
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United States regulations
In August 2008, the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (CPSIA) was passed. Some observers are of the opinion that this new law imposes the toughest toy-making standard in the world.[13] The CPSIA restricts the amount of lead and phthalates that may be contained in children's products(ages 12 and under) and adopts the provisions of the ASTM Consumer Safety Specifications for Toy Safety (ASTM F963-11) as the requirements of the CPSC.[14]
In 2012 the US state of Minnesota introduced its own legislation that requires reporting information on a list of priority chemicals found in children’s products and sold in the state. This law demands all manufacturers of toys to provide the state of Minnesota with a report if their children’s products contain any of the priority chemicals such as Bisphenol A, Formaldehyde, lead or cadmium.
European regulations
In Europe, the comprehensive legislation addressing toy safety is the Toy Safety Directive of the European Union (EU), (Council Directive 88/378/EEC). This directive is a list of requirements toys must comply with, and is interpreted in the laws of each member state of the EU in their respective Toy Safety Regulations (e.g.: the UK's Toys (Safety) Regulations 1995 (Statutory Instrument 1995 No. 204)). This directive has been superseded by Council Directive 2009/48/EC[15] which will apply to toy imports into or toys produced within the EU as of 20 July 2011 except for the chemical requirements of Annex II which apply as of 20 July 2013. During these periods the corresponding requirements of the previous directive will continue to apply. Compliance with both directives leads to a CE Mark, which is a mandatory requirement denoting conformity with all applicable directives. Some items specifically excluded from this legislation are: fashion jewellery for children, Christmas decorations, and sports equipment. Official guidance on the classification of toys in the EU has been provided by the EU Commission.[16] Where products are not classified as toys they will still be governed by the General Product Safety Directive. The toy safety directive provides for harmonised EU-wide standards on physical and mechanical properties, flammability, chemical properties and electrical properties but certain essential safety aspects of the directives are not governed by safety standards e.g. hygiene and radioactivity. The Toys Safety Directive (and subsequent Member State regulations) also calls for the closest applicable national or international standards to be applied where a standard is not specified in the Directive. This interpretive clause is present to ensure that new and innovative toys are safe before being placed on the market. The EN71 Toy Safety Standard has been harmonised by the EC as the default standard which toys must meet. If a toy is found to be unsafe (by breaching one of the specified standards, or by a manifest risk of injury not specified in standards) then the producer (the manufacturer, or the first importer into the EU of the product unit in question) is held to be guilty of an offence under the Toys (Safety) Regulations (or equivalent EU state law). The principle of due diligence (whereby the producer argues that all reasonable steps were taken to ensure the safety of the consumer with regards to the toy) may be used (in the UK) by the producer to avoid prosecution, fines and possible imprisonment. The unsafe toy is withdrawn from the EU market, with all member states' authorities being notified by means of the RAPEX alert system.
The new Toy Safety Directive 2009/48/EC (TSD) requires a series of safety assessments, including the Chemical Safety Assessment (CSA). If the non-chemical requirements were already enforced in July 2011, the chemical requirements are to be enforced first on 20 July 2013. In 2009, the European Union adopted the new Toy Safety Directive 2009/48/EC (TSD). The Comité Européen de Normalisation or CEN wrote these standards in order for them to be harmonized under the Toy Safety Directive.
Chinese Regulations
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Safety testing
The EU Commission expert group on toy safety regularly publishes a large number of guidance documents [18] intended to help on interpretation issues related to the Toy Safety Directive.[19] Toy manufacturers need stay ahead of regulatory changes and be sure that their products comply with the new requirements.
Therefore, it is vital to perform tests and risk assessments for every product before selling them in the designated market. This is important for every manufacturer as they can be held liable for injuries and fatalities resulting from design flaws, use of unsuitable materials, and substandard production.[20]
The following safety tests are performed:
Mechanical/physical testing
Flammability testing
Electrical safety testing
Labeling
Chemical testing
Product safety/risk assessment (also known as product hazard analysis) can identify potential hazards and provide solutions early in the product life cycle to prevent products becoming stalled in production or recalled once they are released onto the market. During risk assessments for toys possible hazards and potential exposure are analyzed. Additionally the manufacturing of the toys will be controlled to ensure safety and quality throughout production.
The new European standard EN 71-4:2013 was published in 2013. It replaces and updates the 2009 version of the same standard since the latter and newest has been harmonized under the EU Toy Safety Directive. The new method is a reference test method regulating chemicals in toys and juvenile products. This gives a new test method for 'Experimental sets for chemistry and related activities' under the toy safety EN 71 series.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_safety
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